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Medline is a vast source of medical information, covering the whole
field of medicine including dentistry, veterinary medicine and
medical psychology.
Clinical medicine, anatomy, pharmacology, toxicology, genetics,
microbiology, pathology, environmental health, occupational
medicine, psychology, biomedical technology, health planning
and administration, space life science, and many other related
subject areas are included in this highly respected database.
Author abstracts are provided for about 80% of the items in the
database. Subject searching is facilitated by means of the NLM's
Medical Subject Headings, and DataStar offers an online
thesaurus to take full advantage of these.
The oldest part of Medline, covering the period 1949-1965,
contains no abstracts or author affiliations. Most of these
older records are now (2008) indexed with current MeSH
terminology, but there are a few which have not yet been
brought up to date, and these are indicated as 'OldMedline'.
There are six different types of status of Medline documents:
'Medline' or complete, fully indexed documents; 'OldMedline'
documents as described above (1949-1965), 'Publisher',
'In-Process' and 'In-Data-Review' documents -
the latest few weeks of the literature, before they have been
fully indexed for Medline; and 'PubMed-not-Medline' records -
those which are considered to fall out of the scope of Medline's
selection criteria.
In-Process and In-Data-Review documents are generally online within
a few days of publication. About 30% of journals are fully indexed
within 30 days, and 60% are indexed within 60 days.
Use Medline to answer a wide variety of questions including:
- can benzodiazepine tranquillizers be determined in plasma?
- what epidemiological studies of cardiovascular diseases in
Europe (in English, German, French or Italian) exist?
- do penicillin and other betalactam-antibiotics cause hemolytic
anemias
- what is the evidence of estrogen replacement therapy for
osteoporosis?
Sources:
Information for Medline is taken from almost 5,000 journals in
more than 70 countries.
AN - Accession number & update
16418944 Medline 20070112.
TI - Title
(Quality of care and extent of complications in a population-
based sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The KORA
Survey 2000).
TT - Title in original lang.
Versorgungsqualitaet und Ausmass von Komplikationen an einer
bevoelkerungsbezogenen Stichprobe von Typ 2-Diabetespatienten.
Der KORA-Survey 2000.
SO - Source
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), {Dtsch-Med-
Wochenschr}, 20 Jan 2006, vol. 131, no. 3, p. 73-8, ISSN:
0012-0472.
AU - Author(s)
Icks-A, Rathmann-W, Haastert-B, Mielck-A, Holle-R, Loewel-H,
Giani-G, Meisinger-C.
IN - Author affiliation
Institut fuer Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Deutsches
Diabeteszentrum, Leibniz-Institut an der Heinrich Heine
Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf. icks@ddz.uni-
duesseldorf.de.
CA - Corporate author(s)
KORA Studiengruppe.
AB - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse
health care processes and outcomes in type 2 diabetes in a
representative population sample of persons, aged 25-74 years,
in the region of Augsburg, Germany. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Based
on the KORA Survey 2000, indicators of health care services and
outcomes were analysed for all study subjects with known type 2
diabetes (n=149; 80 males (54%)) , mean age 62 +/- 9 years;
total random population sample: 4,261 persons). Means and
prevalences were calculated, including 95% confidence intervals
(CI). Associated factors were analysed using multivariate
regression models. RESULTS: 57% of the patients had not received
adequate drug treatment concerning hypertension and 43%
concerning hypercholesterolemia. 63% (CI: 54-70 %) and 38% (CI:
30-47%), respectively, reported that their eyes or feet had been
examined during the past 12 months. 47% (CI: 39-56%) had been
instructed about their diabetes. 69% (CI: 61-76%) of the
subjects did not know the term HbA(1c), the proportion being
higher among subjects without diabetes education or those of a
low social status. 13% (CI: 8-20%) of the subjects had been told
by their medical practitioner that they had a retinopathy, 5%
(CI: 2- 10%) a foot ulcer, 19% (CI: 12-28%) proteinuria. Two
persons were blind, one had been on renal dialysis, and 5% (CI:
2-10%) had undergone amputation of a limb. 6% (3-12%) had at
least one of the end-stage diabetic complications. The mean HbA
(1c) was 7.2 +/- 1.6%, significantly higher in those with a
diabetes for >10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The population-based data
regarding indicators of type 2 diabetes care processes and
outcome in a defined region in Germany show that the treatment
of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was highly
inappropriate, as was the frequency of medical control
investigations. The high proportion of subjects who did not know
the term HbA(1c) was striking, particularly among those of a low
social status. A significant proportion had severe late
complications. The mean HbA(1c), however, was better than had
been reported in some previous German practice-based studies.
DE - Descriptors
DIABETES-MELLITUS-TYPE-2/*CO (complications), *TH (therapy);
QUALITY-OF-HEALTH-CARE/*SN (statistics & numerical data).
ADULT;
AGED;
DIABETIC-FOOT/EP (epidemiology);
DIABETIC-NEPHROPATHIES/EP (epidemiology);
DIABETIC-RETINOPATHY/EP (epidemiology);
FEMALE;
GERMANY/EP (epidemiology);
HEALTH-CARE-SURVEYS;
HEMOGLOBIN-A-GLYCOSYLATED/AN (analysis);
HUMANS;
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA/CO (complications), DT (drug therapy);
HYPERTENSION/CO (complications), DT (drug therapy);
MALE;
MIDDLE-AGED;
OUTCOME-AND-PROCESS-ASSESSMENT-HEALTH-CARE/SN (statistics &
numerical data);
PATIENT-EDUCATION/ST (standards);
PROTEINURIA/EP (epidemiology);
SOCIOECONOMIC-FACTORS;
TERMINOLOGY.
RN - CAS Registry numbers
0 (Hemoglobin-A-Glycosylated).
LG - Language
German.
PT - Publication type
English-Abstract, Journal-Article.
CM - Comment
Comment in: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2006 May 19; 131(20):1179;
author reply 1180.
SB - Journal subset
IM.
CP - Country of publisher
Germany.
JC - Journal code
0000006723.
IP - Information provider
NLM.
NT - Notes
Publication model: Print; Cited medium: Print; ISSN: Print.
YR - Publication year
2006.
DT - Publication date
20060120.
ED - Entry date
Date created: 20060118
Date completed: 20060210
Date revised: 20061115.
Label/description Example
AN Accession number 1_: 16418944.AN.
Status of document 2_: MEDLINE=YES
3_: IN-PROCESS=YES
A list of status types 4_: ROOT STATUS=
Update date 5_: 20070112.AN.
TI Title 6_: DIABETES ADJ MELLITUS.TI.
TT Title in original language 7_: TYP ADJ '2'.TT.
SO Source - full journal name 8_: DEUTSCHE-MEDIZINISCHE-
WOCHENSCHRIFT-1946.SO.
Any word of journal name 9_: WOCHENSCHRIFT.SO.
Abbreviated journal name 10_: DTSCH-MED-WOCHENSCHR
A list of similar names 11_: ..ROOT DEUTSCHE.SO.
Volume number 12_: VOLUME=131
Issue number 13_: ISSUE=3
Page number (starting page) 14_: PAGE=73
ISSN number 15_: 0012-0472
AU Author(s)
Family name & initial(s) 16_: ICKS-A$.AU.
Family name 17_: ICKS.AU.
A list of similar names 18_: ..ROOT ICKS.AU.
Authors may have initials or full
first names
FA First author (search only) 19_: ICKS.FA.
20_: ICKS-A$.FA.
IN Author affiliation 21_: LEIBNIZ.IN.
CA Corporate author (from 2001) 22_: KORA.CA.
AB Abstract 23_: OUTCOMES WITH
DIABETES.AB.
Documents with abstracts 24_: ABSTRACT=YES
DE MeSH descriptors - word occurs
on its own or in a phrase 25_: HYPERTENSION.DE.
Single-word MeSH 26_: HYPERTENSION.DE..W.
Multi-word (phrase) MeSH 27_: HYPERTENSION-PULMONARY.DE.
28_: HYPERTENSION ADJ
PULMONARY.DE.
MeSH with Subheading 29_: DIABETIC-FOOT WITH EP
Use hyphens for faster retrieval 30_: DIABETIC-FOOT-EP
Exploded term 31_: DIABETES-MELLITUS#
Find appropriate MeSH terms 32_: ..MESH DIABETES
See a term in its TREE
structure(s) 33_: ..TREE HYPERTENSION
MJ Major emphasis of MeSH 34_: QUALITY-OF-HEALTH-CARE.MJ.
RN CAS Registry number 35_: 11061-68-0.RN.
Enzyme Commission number 36_: EC ADJ 1-9-3-1.RN.
GS Gene symbol 37_: PATRB.GS.
SI Link to sequence data 38_: DY793772.SI.
PN Personal name 39_: HARRISON.PN.
LG Language 40_: LG=GERMAN
A list of languages 41_: ..ROOT LG=
PT Publication type 42_: PT=JOURNAL-ARTICLE
A list of publication types 43_: ..ROOT PT=
CM Comment on (or correction of)
previously published article 44_: WOCHENSCHR SAME 2006.CM.
SB Subset information 45_: IM.SB.
A list of subsets 46_: ..ROOT SB=
CP Country of publication 47_: GERMANY.CP.
JC Journal code 48_: 0000006723.JC.
IP Information provider 49_: NLM.IP.
NT Notes - publication model 50_: PRINT.NT.
DO Digital Object Identifier (DOI) - not searchable -
(available only in
Publisher records)
YR Publication year 51_: YEAR=2006
DT Publication date 52_: 20060120.DT.
ED NLM entry date 53_: 20060118.ED.
Date created (sometimes without 54_: CREATED WITH 20060118.ED.
indexing)
Date completed (indexing added) 55_: COMPLETED WITH
20060210.ED.
Date revised (corrections made) 56_: REVISED WITH 20061115.ED.
Review articles 57_: REVIEW=YES
Priority (Abridged
Index Medicus) journals 58_: PRIORITY=YES
Documents about:
humans 59_: HUMAN=YES
animals 60_: ANIMAL=YES
females 61_: FEMALE=YES
males 62_: MALE=YES
adults 63_: ADULT=YES
children (6-12 years) 64_: CHILD=YES
children (2-12 years) 65_: CHILD#
Complete documents (i.e. those which
have been indexed) 66_: MEDLINE=YES
'In-process' documents 67_: IN-PROCESS=YES
'In-data-review' documents 68_: IN-DATA-REVIEW=YES
'Publisher' documents 69_: PUBLISHER=YES
'Publisher', 'In-process' and 'In-data-review' documents
are also available in database MEIP.
Clinical Queries (based on work of R.B. Haynes)
Therapy - broad, sensitive 70_: CQ=THERAPY-BROAD
- narrow, specific 71_: CQ=THERAPY-NARROW
Diagnosis - broad, sensitive 72_: CQ=DIAGNOSIS-BROAD
- narrow, specific 73_: CQ=DIAGNOSIS-NARROW
Etiology - broad, sensitive 74_: CQ=ETIOLOGY-BROAD
- narrow, specific 75_: CQ=ETIOLOGY-NARROW
Prognosis - broad, sensitive 76_: CQ=PROGNOSIS-BROAD
- narrow, specific 77_: CQ=PROGNOSIS-NARROW
Clinical prediction guides - broad 78_: CQ=PREDICTION-BROAD
- narrow 79_: CQ=PREDICTION-NARROW
1_: DIABETES-MELLITUS#
YEAR Publication year (YYYY) 2_: ..L 1 YEAR>2003
UMONTH DS Update month (YYYYMM) 3_: ..L 1 UMONTH WL 200703,
200706
UDATE DS Update date (YYYYMMDD) 4_: ..L 1 UDATE>20070225
EDATE NLM Entry date (YYYYMMDD) 5_: ..L 1 EDATE>20071115
(the latest date given in ED)
Tags - HUMAN, ANIMAL, FEMALE, MALE, 6_: ..L 1 HUMAN=Y
ADULT, CHILD, REVIEW, PRIORITY
AB Abstract 7_: ..L 1 AB=Y
LG Language 8_: ..L 1 LG=FR.
By paragraph - title, author _: ..P TI, AU ALL
SHORT AN TI TT SO AU IN CM DO YR
MEDIUM AN TI TT SO AU IN AB LG CM DO YR
LONG AN TI TT SO AU IN AB DE RN GS SI LG PT CM JC DO YR
ALL AN TI TT SO AU FA IN CA AB DE (MJ MN) RN GS SI PN LG PT CM
SB CP JC IP NT DO YR DT ED
KWIC Context of search terms from AB paragraph
FREE AN TI TT DE RN LG PT NT DT ED YR
_: ..P LONG 1-5,12.
DOCUMENT STATUS
The status of the document is indicated by one of six phrases:
PUBLISHER, IN-DATA-REVIEW, IN-PROCESS, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE
and PUBMED-NOT-MEDLINE.
A document can be in any one of these states, but the vast majority
of them are 'Medline', i.e. fully indexed with MeSH headings and
verified. 'Publisher', 'In-Process' and 'In-Data-Review'
records are those which are put into Medline quickly to
ensure currency of the information, and do not have any indexing.
In-Process are the NLM's own documents; In-Data-Review and
Publisher are those supplied by other information providers to
the NLM. In addition, Publisher articles are those appearing on
the Web before they have been assigned to a specific journal issue
so they do not yet have full bibliographic details.
All of these 'in-processing' types are reviewed subsequently by the
NLM and most are indexed and moved into complete Medline
status, at which time they are sent to DataStar's Medline
again when they overwrite the earlier in-process record.
All in-process records are also held separately in
their own file MEIP. A few documents remain out of Medline's
usual scope and are not subsequently indexed with
MeSH, though they stay in the database and have full bibliographic
information; these are the 'PubMed-not-Medline' records.
Records created in the period 1949-1965 were formerly known as
'OldMedline' records, but most of these have now been re-named
simply as 'Medline' records as they have current MeSH terminology.
A few remain as 'OldMedline'.
You can search these status indicators either free text as
displayed, or for a faster result, with these quick codes:
2_: MEDLINE=YES (or COMPLETE=YES)
3_: PUBLISHER=YES
4_: IN-PROCESS=YES
5_: IN-DATA-REVIEW=YES
6_: PUBMED-NOT-MEDLINE=YES
7_: OLDMEDLINE=YES
You can also get a list of the different states and their
corresponding record numbers with ..ROOT STATUS= .
Medline Alerts do not contain Publisher, In-Process or
In-Data-Review records. If you wish to receive Alerts with these,
set up the Alert in MEIP. You can set up daily, weekly,
two-weekly and monthly Alerts in MEIP and MEDL.
Publisher, In-Process and In-Data-Review records are added to
to MEDL and MEIP daily.
MEDLINE'S ANNUAL RELOAD
Every December the NLM provides a complete reload of MEDLINE to
incorporate the annual changes to the MeSH headings and any other
changes they may have made. The NLM ceases to update MEDLINE
towards the end of November, and they start again after they have
supplied the reload in December.
STARTDATE AND UPDATE DATES
When MEDLINE is reloaded, it is not possible to recreate the
date on which the document was first added to DataStar, so all
archive records are given an artificial update date. This consists
of 1 January plus year of publication from 1949 to 2005. So
all documents in this range have update dates 19490101, 19500101,
19510101, etc, up to 20050101. From 2006 to the date of the reload,
documents are given an update date based on the latest month in the
NLM's Entry Date field. All documents loaded after the reload
are given true update dates, i.e. the date on which the document
was loaded on DataStar.
It is thus possible to search yearly update dates
from 1949 to 2005, monthly ones from 200601 to 200712 and daily
ones in 2008. ..START can be used with years from 1981,
months from 200601 to 200712 and days in the current year.
The update date is an internal processing date with no significance
to the document itself. The publication date and the NLM's
creation date are provided by the Information Provider and never
change.
REVISED DOCUMENTS
The NLM carries out a continuous program of editing and revising
documents as new information about older records becomes available.
The ED field indicates the dates on which the record was created,
revised and completed. Occasionally the period between the date
on which the record was created and the date on which it was revised
or completed is long - sometimes many years. It can therefore
happen that a document created in 1960 is revised or completed in
in 2008. When revised or completed, the document enters the
database again (as described above, as part of the review/completion
process). Such documents will appear in the results of your
searches; if you wish to exclude them from your results,
you should add a publication year to your strategy (e.g.
AND YEAR=2008). Alternatively you can identify all revised
documents with the quick code RT=R and then exclude them
if you wish.
The revisions might consist of corrections to misspellings in
author names, words in the title or abstract, incorrect pagination;
changes to journal abbreviations or ISSNs; the addition of
registry numbers, etc. The NLM does not indicate the nature of
the revision when they supply these documents.
Revised documents are not included in DataStar Alerts.
RANK
..RANK and ..MAP are available in the AU, SO, MJ and YR paragraphs.
You may find some discrepancy between the numbers of documents that
are listed in the RANK table and the number of documents retrieved
if that term is selected for searching. This is because the
number listed in the RANK table excludes those documents that have
been flagged for deletion, whereas the number searched does not.
SEARCH AIDS
At the end of 2003 the NLM stopped publishing the three print MeSH
tools - the Annotated Alphabetic MeSH, the MeSH Tree Structures and
the Permuted MeSH.
The MeSH terms can be browsed online in ..MESH, in MVOC, in Medline
on DataStarWeb and in the MeSH Browser on the NLM's website.
SEARCHING MEDLINE WITH CONTROLLED VOCABULARY
Medline has a very well structured controlled vocabulary consisting
of over 24,000 Medical Subject Headings ('MeSH' headings) and
83 subheadings. The MeSH headings are arranged into 'Trees' or
categories of related terms.
The National Library of Medicine's policy directs indexers to
assign the most specific MeSH heading available. For example,
an article about Kanamycin is indexed to this and not to
'Anti-Bacterial-Agents'.
Every MeSH term has an entry in the thesaurus file MVOC consisting
of notes, history and synonyms. For example, the entry on EYE
is as follows:
Descriptor
EYE.
Synonyms (used for)
Eyes.
Tree number(s)
A01-456-505-420;
A09-371.
Allowable subheadings
AH BS CH CY DE EM EN GD IM IR ME MI PA PP PS RA RE RI SE TR UL US
VI.
Additional notes
Annotation: inflamm of eye = ENDOPHTHALMITIS (but see note
there) or better -ITIS specifics in C11.
Entry date
19990101.
Revision date
20040707.
The MeSH Tree numbers towards the top of the entry indicate the
'Tree Structures' to which the MeSH heading EYE belongs. A MeSH
heading can occur in more than one Tree Structure. Thus EYE appears
both in the A01 Tree - Body Regions, and in the A09 Tree -
Sense Organs.
Here are the two Tree Structures for EYE:
BODY REGIONS A01
(...)
HEAD A01-456
FACE A01-456-505
EYE A01-456-505-420
EYEBROWS A01-456-505-420-338
EYELIDS A01-456-505-420-504
EYELASHES A01-456-505-420-504-421
SENSE ORGANS A09
(...)
EYE A09-371
ANTERIOR EYE SEGMENT A09-371-060
ANTERIOR CHAMBER A09-371-060-067
AQUEOUS HUMOR A09-371-060-067-070
ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL A09-371-060-067-318
EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL A09-371-060-217-325
LIMBUS CORNEAE A09-371-060-217-659
CORNEA A09-371-060-217
BOWMAN MEMBRANE A09-371-060-217-113
CORNEAL STROMA A09-371-060-217-228
DESCEMET MEMBRANE A09-371-060-217-271
ENDOTHELIUM, CORNEAL A09-371-060-217-318
TRABECULAR MESHWORK A09-371-060-932
CONJUNCTIVA A09-371-192
EYELIDS A09-371-337
EYELASHES A09-371-337-338
MEIBOMIAN GLANDS A09-371-337-614
LACRIMAL APPARATUS A09-371-463
(...)
You can search a MeSH heading using either its word, e.g. EYE,
or its Tree number(s), e.g. A09-371 OR A01-456-505-420.
SEARCHING FOR MESH HEADINGS AND TREE NUMBERS
To retrieve a MeSH heading containing the word HEART,
type:
1_: HEART.DE.
To restrict to HEART as a single-word descriptor, qualify to
.W. ('Word'):
2_: 1.W.
or do this in one step:
3_: HEART.DE..W.
Type the equivalent TREE Structure number with hyphens, e.g.:
4_: A07-541
Search multi-word terms using hyphens, WITH, or the MeSH Tree
number:
5_: EAR-EXTERNAL.DE.
6_: EAR WITH EXTERNAL.DE.
7_: A09-246-272
In many MeSH Headings, natural word order is reversed so if you are
not completely sure of the wording it is safer to use WITH rather
than ADJ. For example 'EXTERNAL ADJ EAR' would not retrieve
documents indexed with 'Ear, external', but 'EXTERNAL WITH EAR'
(or EAR WITH EXTERNAL) would.
It is not necessary to qualify a Tree Structure number to the .DE.
paragraph.
MAJOR/MINOR EMPHASIS
NLM indexers assign major emphasis to terms describing the more
important topic(s) of the article. This is indicated by an
asterisk placed next to the MeSH heading, subheading (discussed
below) or both.
In this article major emphasis is attached to HEART-DISEASES
and WOMENS-HEALTH:
DE HEART-DISEASES/*EP (epidemiology), ET (etiology), TH (therapy);
WOMENS-HEALTH*.
ATTITUDE-TO-HEALTH;
FEMALE;
HEALTH-EDUCATION...
while in this article, major emphasis is attached to the
EPIDEMIOLOGY aspect of HEART-DISEASES:
DE HEART-DISEASES/*CI (chemically induced), *EP (epidemiology).
SOCIAL-CLASS;
CANADA/EP (epidemiology);
DISEASE-SUSCEPTIBILITY;
EDUCATION...
and in this article, major emphasis is attached both to
HEART-DISEASES and to the ULTRASONOGRAPHY aspect of HEART-DISEASES:
DE HEART-DISEASES/*SU (surgery), *US (ultrasonography).
CHI-SQUARE-DISTRIBUTION;
HUMANS;
IMAGE-PROCESSING-COMPUTER-ASSISTED;
INTRAOPERATIVE-PERIOD...
Any major emphasis of a subject is retrieved with .MJ.
So all three of these articles will be retrieved with:
1_: HEART-DISEASES.MJ.
You can also apply the .MJ. label after-the-fact, e.g.:
2_: HEART-DISEASES
3_: 2.MJ.
You can add .MJ. to both the MeSH heading and the Tree number, e.g.:
4_: HEART.MJ..W.
or:
5_: A07-541.MJ.
Note the use of .W. in set 4 to indicate that only the single-word
term HEART is required (and not any multi-word terms containing
HEART).
HIERARCHICAL SEARCHING
The hierarchical nature of the Medline classification scheme
makes it possible to retrieve whole categories of MeSH headings
or Tree Structures.
To retrieve a whole category of terms, or as it is sometimes known,
to 'explode' a category, add a hash-mark - # - to a MeSH heading,
e.g.:
1_: HEPATITIS#
or to its corresponding Tree Structure number, e.g.:
2_: C06-552-380#
This exploded term not only retrieves references which have been
indexed with the general MeSH heading HEPATITIS but also
those which have been indexed more specifically to HEPATITIS,
ALCOHOLIC; HEPATITIS, ANIMAL; RIFT VALLEY FEVER; DELTA INFECTION;
HEPATITIS A; etc.
You can explode terms in this way at any point in the hierarchy.
For example, at the top, such as ORGANIC-CHEMICALS#, at the bottom,
such as ANISOLES#, and at any point in between, depending on your
need.
To explode multi-word terms, use hyphens between words and
add a hash-mark:
3_: EAR-MIDDLE#
If a MeSH heading belongs to more than one Tree
Structure (such as EYE which belongs to A01-456-505-420 and
A01-371) its explosion retrieves references from both
Tree Structures:
4_: EYE#
Thus, if you explode a MeSH heading you can be sure that
you will retrieve references from all possible Tree Structures.
By contrast, if you explode only one of its Tree Structures, e.g.:
5_: A09-371#
you will retrieve references to that particular category
(in this case SENSE ORGANS) only.
This facility is useful when you need to retrieve references
discussing one particular aspect of a subject, but if you need
widest possible coverage of a subject, it is advisable to explode
the term - EYE# - rather than the Trees.
To obtain the same result as in search statement 4 above (EYE#)
enter both Tree Structures:
6_: A09-371# OR A01-456-505-420#
You can search for MeSH headings and Tree Structures using
the online thesaurus. Type the command ..MESH (or its equivalent
..THES) followed by a word, e.g. ..MESH EYE.
Similar to the ..ROOT command, ..MESH gives you a list of all
MeSH terms containing the word EYE (including the Permuted Terms):
..MESH EYE
R1 # 2 Eye
R2 # 2 Eye-Abnormalities '90
R3 Eye-Artificial
R4 Eye-Banks '75
R5 2 Eye-Burns
R6 Eye-Cancer --> Eye-Neoplasms
R7 Cancer-Of-Eye --> Eye-Neoplasms
R8 2 Eye-Color '76
R9 # Eye-Diseases '65
R10 # 2 Eye-Diseases-Hereditary '90
R11 Eye-Dominance --> Dominance-Ocular '02
R12 Eye-Enucleation '89
R13 Eye-Evisceration '93
Selecting R1 retrieves (EYE.DE..W.), i.e. the single MeSH heading
EYE.
Selecting R1# retrieves EYE#, i.e. explosion of the MeSH heading
EYE in all TREE number structures.
Selecting R9 retrieves (EYE-DISEASES.DE.), i.e. the MeSH heading
EYE-DISEASES.
Selecting R9# retrieves EYE-DISEASES#, i.e. the explosion of the
MeSH heading EYE-DISEASES.
You can look up the Tree structure to see where your term fits in
the hierarchy. Type the command ..TREE Rn, e.g. ..TREE R1 for
'Eye'. You will see two Trees - one for 'Face' and one for 'Sense
organs':
T1 # . Body-Regions '98
T2 # .. Head
T3 # ... Face
T4 # .... Eye
T5 ..... Eyebrows
T6 # ..... Eyelids
T7 ...... Eyelashes
T8 # . Sense-Organs '72
T9 # .. Eye
T10 # ... Anterior-Eye-Segment '85
T11 # .... Anterior-Chamber '64
T12 ..... Aqueous-Humor
T13 ..... Endothelium-Corneal '88
T14 # .... Cornea
T15 ..... Bowman-Membrane '06
T16 ..... Corneal-Stroma '83
(etc)
Selecting T4# retrieves A01-456-505-420#, i.e. the TREE
numbers relating to the eye as part of the face.
Selecting T9# retrieves A09-371# i.e. the TREE numbers
relating to the eye as a sense organ.
The display may summarise this example:
QN DOCS SEARCH TERMS
1 345 (EYE.DE..W.) -> just EYE
2 3063 EYE# -> all terms about EYE
3 311 (EYE-DISEASES.DE..W.) -> just EYE-DISEASES
4 4329 EYE-DISEASES# -> all terms about EYE-DISEASES
5 476 (A01-456-505-420# OR EYE.DE..W.) -> all EYE terms in Face
6 3057 (A09-371# OR EYE.DE..W.) -> all EYE terms in Sense Organs
7 3063 5 OR 6 -> all EYE terms, as in set 2
The numbers to the right of the MESH or TREE display indicate
the year in which the terms were first used as MeSH headings
by the NLM. For example, these terms were introduced in
1998, 1998 and 1969 respectively:
T14 # . Behavior-and-Behavior-Mechanisms '98
T15 # .. Neurobehavioral-Manifestations '98
T16 # ... Perceptual-Disorders '69
SUBHEADINGS
An additional strength of the Medline indexing system is the use
of Subheadings. These are searched in combination with a MeSH
heading in order to define a specific aspect or context of the
subject.
There are 83 Subheadings. All are listed in the Appendix to this
guide, and in the online thesaurus. Note that it is not possible
to combine every Subheading with every MeSH heading - only
certain combinations are allowed.
To look for allowed Subheading/MeSH heading combinations
online, first select your MeSH heading with ..MESH, e.g.
1_: ..MESH EYE
and choose the appropriate R-number, e.g. R1. Then display (..D)
the allowable subheadings (SH) for this term with ..D SH, e.g.:
2_: ..D SH R1
you will see a list like this:
R1 EYE
AH anatomy & histology
BS blood supply
CH chemistry
CY cytology
DE drug effects
EM embryology
EN enzymology
GD growth & development
(...)
You can search either the abbreviation or the full term of the
Subheading, e.g.:
1_: EYE WITH BS.DE.
2_: EYE WITH BLOOD ADJ SUPPLY.DE.
and you can use Subheadings with an exploded MeSH heading too:
3_: EYE# WITH BS
4_: EYE# WITH BLOOD ADJ SUPPLY
Hyphenate multi-word MeSH headings and use WITH to combine
with Subheadings:
5_: DIABETES-MELLITUS WITH CI
(CI means Chemically induced).
If you are searching for just one Subheading your result will be
faster if you hyphenate it to the MeSH heading:
6_: DIABETES-MELLITUS-CI
You can search for multiple Subheadings as follows:
7_: ASPIRIN# WITH (PO OR TO)
(PO means Poisoning; TO means Toxicity).
You can also search Subheadings on their own, e.g.:
8_: PO.DE.
The major emphasis label can be applied either after-the-fact:
9_: 8.MJ.
or directly to the Subheading:
10_: PO.MJ.
Sometimes it is useful to retrieve articles on a MeSH heading
as a major topic without a Subheading e.g. HIP-JOINT*.
These articles often deal with a major topic from a general point
of view. To retrieve such articles use NS (no Subheading),
e.g.:
11_: HIP-JOINT
12_: 11 WITH NS
This retrieves *HIP-JOINT with no Subheadings.
See the Appendix for a complete list of Subheadings with scope
notes, allowable categories, etc. You can also find this information
in MVOC; type ..ROOT SH= for the full list of subheadings, then
select your chosen subheading with the relevant R-number, and
display the full record. Medline on DataStarWeb also provides all
the subheadings and their scope notes on the Thesaurus pages.
Pre-exploded Subheadings
DataStar has created some pre-exploded Subheadings which allow fast
retrieval of some important Subheading groups, for example:
QT - Quick therapy. Contains the subheadings TH (therapy), DT
(drug therapy), RT (radiotherapy), DH (diet therapy),
SU (surgery), NU (nursing), PC (prevention & control), RH
(rehabilitation), TR (transplantation).
QD - Quick diagnosis. Contains the subheadings DI (diagnosis), RA
(radiology), RI (radionuclide imaging) and US
(ultra-sonography).
QX - Quick toxicology. Contains the subheadings AE (adverse
effects), PO (poisoning), TO (toxicology) and CT
(contra-indications).
14_: INTESTINAL-NEOPLASMS# WITH QT
This gives the same result as but is faster than:
15_: INTESTINAL-NEOPLASMS# WITH (TH DT SU RT DH NU PC RH TR)
The full list of quick sub-headings is as follows:
QA - Quick anatomy (AH BS CY PA UL EM AB IR)
QB - Quick embryology (EM AB)
QC - Quick chemistry (CH AG AA AI CS)
QD - Quick diagnosis (DI PA RA RI US)
QE - Quick etiology (ET CI CO SC CN EM GE IM MI VI PS TM)
QG - Quick surgery (SU TR)
QK - Quick microbiology (MI VI)
QL - Quick complications (CO SC)
QM - Quick metabolism (ME BI BL CF DF EN PK UR)
QN - Quick analysis (AN BL CF IP UR)
QO - Quick organization (OG EC LJ MA ST SD TD UT)
QP - Quick pharmacology (PD AD AE PO TO AG AI CT DU PK)
QS - Quick statistics (SN EP EH MO SD UT)
QT - Quick therapy (TH DH DT NU PC RT RH SU TR)
QU - Quick therapeutic use (TU AD AE CT PO)
QW - Quick epidemiology (EP EH MO)
QX - Quick toxicology (PO TO AE CT)
QY - Quick physiology (PH GE GD IM ME BI BL CF DF EN PK UR PP SE)
QZ - Quick cytology (CY PA UL)
Quick-Search
Quick-Search is a fast and easy method of retrieving Subheadings
(or pre-exploded Subheadings) linked to MeSH terms. The results
are virtually instantaneous.
Quick-Search the Subheadings as abbreviations and precede
your search with QS:
15_: QS CORONARY-DISEASE# WITH (PP CI DT)
16_: QS ARRHYTHMIAS-CARDIAC WITH QD
Quick-Search also works very well in combination with the online
MESH and TREE, which saves time and typing:
20_: ..MESH ARRHYTH
R1 # Anti-Arrhythmia-Agents '76
R2 # 2 Arrhythmia-Sinus
R3 # 2 Arrhythmias-Cardiac '63
R4 Arrhythmogenic-Right-Ventricular-Cardiom+ -->'98
R5 4 Arrhythmogenic-Right-Ventricular-Dysplasia '98
R6 Ventricular-Dysplasia-Right-Arrhythmogen+ -->'98
21_: ..TREE R3
T1 # . Cardiovascular-Diseases
T2 # .. Heart-Diseases
T3 # ... Arrhythmias-Cardiac '63
T4 # .... Arrhythmia-Sinus
T5 ..... Sick-Sinus-Syndrome '80
T6 ..... Sinus-Arrest-Cardiac '08
T7 .... Atrial-Fibrillation '84
T8 .... Atrial-Flutter '84
T9 .... Bradycardia
T10 .... Brugada-Syndrome '07
23_: QS (R2 R3 T3 T5) WITH (PP CI DT)
You can include Quick-Searched statements in Alerts
and you can ..SAVE them for later re-execution.
COMMON TERMS - HUMANS, ANIMALS, etc
NLM indexers always add certain headings to indicate common concepts
like clinical (Human) or experimental studies (Animal),
and the sex and age of patients, if appropriate.
DataStar has created special time-saving quick codes for these:
REVIEW=YES for review articles
PRIORITY=YES for priority (Abridged Index Medicus) journals
HUMAN=YES for documents on humans
ANIMAL=YES for documents on animals
FEMALE=YES for documents on females
MALE=YES for documents on males
ADULT=YES for documents on adults
CHILD=YES for documents on children
Simply add to your search as follows:
1_: HEART-DISEASES AND HUMAN=YES
You can also use the ..LIMIT command with these tags, but the
result is likely to be slower. The format is:
2_: HEART-DISEASES
3_: ..L 2 HUMAN=Y
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
MEDLINE is a registered trademark of the National Library of
Medicine. For the Dialog Corporation's Redistribution and
Archive Policy, go to Medline (..C MEDL) and type ..HELP ERA
and ..PRICE MEDL.
The following terms and conditions also apply.
NLM represents that the data provided ... were formulated with a
reasonable standard of care. Except for this representation ...,
NLM makes no representation or warranties, expressed or implied.
This includes, but is not limited to, any implied warranty of
of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect
to the NLM databases, and NLM specifically disclaims any such
warranties and representations.
The duplication, resale, or redistribution of data obtained under
Dialog's Agreement with the NLM must conform to fair use guidelines
and U.S. international copyright law.
Unless otherwise prohibited, organizations or institutions
may download small amounts of NLM-produced citations for
redistribution. For MEDLINE, this is about 1,000 per month or 12,000
records for each year of coverage. Since NLM makes corrections
and enhancements to and performs maintenance on these records
at least annually, users should plan to replace or correct the
records once a year to ensure that they are still correct and
usable as a group.
NLM databases are produced by a U.S. government agency and as such
the contents are not covered by copyright domestically. They may
be copyrighted outside U.S. Some NLM produced data is from
copyrighted publications of the respective copyright claimants.
Users of the NLM databases are solely responsible for compliance
with any copyright restrictions and are referred to the
publication data appearing in the bibliographic citations, as well
as to the copyright notices appearing in the original publications,
all of which are incorporated by reference. Users should consult
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All records must be identified as being derived from NLM
databases.
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